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Overviews
Selective Hemapheresis, an Effective New Approach in the Therapeutic Management of Disorders Associated With Rheological Impairment: Mode of Action and Possible Clinical Indications
Schuff-Werner P, Holdt B.
Artif Organs. 2002;26:117-123.

Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Other Potential Uses
Moriarty PM, Gibson CA.
Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2001;3:156-162.

HELP Apheresis in the Treatment of Sepsis
Samtleben W, Bengsch S, Boos KS, Seidel D.
Artif Organs. 1998;22:43-46.

Safety and Effectiveness of Long-Term LDL-Apheresis in Patients at High Risk
Thiery J, Seidel D.
Curr Opinion Lipidol. 1998;9:521-526.

Abstracts
Activity of Thrombocytes as a Marker of Sufficient Intensity of LDL-Apheresis in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Blaha M, Pecka M, Urbankova J, et al.
Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2004;30:83-87.
The use of extracorporal elimination for selective removal of LDL-C in severe familial hypercholesterolemia is the treatment of choice. Still, there are no suitable markers for selective elimination of LDL-C, which would reliably determine the therapy intensity immediately after the procedure. A report states that platelet aggregability may be a marker, but this was unsuccessfully tested. As a result, the methods were modified and changes were determined.
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Heparin-Mediated Extracorporeal Low-Density Lipoprotein Precipitation: Rationale for a Specific Adjuvant Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease
Blessing F, Wang Y, Walli AK, Seidel D.
Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2004;30:255-266.
LDL-apheresis in hypercholesterolemic patients is the most promising and safest therapy when compared with various radical measures, including liver transplantation. The authors review the heparin-induced method as a valuable therapeutic tool for the treatment and prevention of early graft occlusion after CABG, sudden hearing loss, stroke, and preeclampsia.
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The HELP System for the Treatment of Atherothrombotic Disorders: A Review
Jaeger BR.
Ther Apher Dial. 2003;7:391-396.
This review underscores recent developments in chronic and single application of apheresis in cardiology with specific emphasis on potential applications, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and following coronary artery bypass grafting.
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Selective Hemapheresis, an Effective New Approach in the Therapeutic Management of Disorders Associated With Rheological Impairment: Mode of Action and Possible Clinical Indications
Schuff-Werner P, Holdt B.
Artif Organs. 2002;26:117-123.
In this comprehensive review, the rheological effects of a single LDL-apheresis treatment using different devices are compared. The selectivity of the extracorporeal methods yield different effects on the rheologically relevant plasma proteins; thus, their rheological effectiveness substantially differs. Cited studies recognize the effectiveness of the extracorporeal methods in treating various diseases, among them, sudden hearing loss and cerebrovascular conditions.
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Evidence for Maximal Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Drastic Reduction of Cholesterol and Fibrinogen Restores Vascular Homeostasis
Jaeger BR.
Ther Apher. 2001;5:207-211.
This article summarized the clinical and biochemical evidence for maximal treatment of atherosclerosis by a simultaneous 60% to 70% reduction of plasma LDL cholesterol, fibrinogen, and lipoprotein a (LPa) concentrations with statins and LDL-apheresis using the heparin-induced method. Potential future applications are also discussed.
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C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation Among Patients Undergoing HELP LDL Apheresis
Moriarty PM, Gibson CA, Shih J, Matia MS.
Atherosclerosis. 2001;158:495-498.
This trial of familial hypercholesterolemic patients treated with LDL-apheresis therapy using the heparin-induced method evaluates the short- and long-term effects on C-reactive protein (CRP). After 6 months of therapy, pretreatment hsCRP showed an overall mean level decrease of 49%, suggesting that LDL-apheresis rapidly decreases serum hsCRP levels in the long term.
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The Role of LDL Apheresis in Lipid Lowering Therapy for Hyperlipidemic Patients
Lane DM, Bricker LA, Schuff-Werner P.
Current Opinion in Cardiovascular, Pulmonary & Renal Investigational Drugs. 2000;2:216-222.
This review determines that the addition of LDL-apheresis to lipid-lowering drug therapy in hyperlipidemic patients can reduce pretreatment levels and produce lower between-treatment levels of LDL cholesterol than lipid-lowering drug therapy alone.
Full abstract not available.
Heparin-Mediated Extracorporeal LDL/Fibrinogen Precipitation—HELP—in Coronary and Cerebral Ischemia
Jaeger BR, Marx P, Pfefferkorn T, Hamann G, Seidel D.
Acta Neurochir Suppl . 1999;73:81-84.
LDL-apheresis using the heparin-induced method is beneficial in the prevention and therapy of myocardial infarction. This method is now studied in patients with cerebral infarction. The heparin-induced method was found to be safe in patients with coronary heart disease and allows controlled reduction of thrombogenic plasma compounds.
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Therapeutic Effects of LDL Apheresis in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis
Kajinami K, Mabuchi H.
Curr Opin Lipidol . 1999;10:401-406.
The efficacy and safety of LDL-apheresis has already been established for lipid lowering in patients with refractory hypercholesterolemia. Two reports described excellent long-term follow-up results for patient with coronary artery disease who had been treated with LDL-apheresis using dextran sulfate cellulose columns plus lipid-lowering therapy.
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Status of Treatment of Vascular Dementia
Lechner H.
Neuroepidemiology. 1998;17:10-13.
Further improvement of dementia could be achieved by application of the LDL-apheresis using the heparin-induced method to enhance the effect of hemorheologically active drugs. Using the heparin-induced method, LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, and fibrinogen can be considerably lowered and may result in clinical improvement or slowing of the progression of vascular dementia.
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Application of HELP in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study
Haas A, Walzl M, Jesenik F, et al.
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1997;235:14-19.
In a controlled study over a period of 3 months, 40 patients with nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) were randomly assigned to either LDL-apheresis via the heparin-induced method or hemodilution therapy to determine the efficacy of these two treatments on visual acuity and fields. Results show that the heparin-induced method seems to be safe and more effective than hemodilution in improving the hemorheological and the functional situation in NAION.
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Aggressive Lowering of Fibrinogen and Cholesterol in the Prevention of Graft Vessel Disease After Heart Transplantation
Jaeger BR, Meiser B, Nagel D, et al.
Circulation. 1997;96(suppl 9):II-157-II-158.
Combination therapy with statins and LDL-apheresis via the heparin-induced method is given to heart transplant patients to determine whether drastic lowering of fibrinogen, LDL-C, and Lp(a) prevent graft vessel disease (GVD). Results demonstrate that combined treatment prevents GVD in 9 of 10 patients.
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Regression of Transplant Coronary Artery Disease During Chronic Low-Density Lipoprotein-Apheresis
Park J-W, Merz M, Braun P.
J Heart Lung Transplant. 1997;16:290-297.
In long-term heart transplantation survivors with hyperlipidemia who have development of a rapid progressive coronary artery disease, LDL-apheresis can encourage disease regression.
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Haemorheological Intervention by Heparin-Induced Plasma Protein Precipitation in Patients With Acute Occlusion of the Central Retinal Artery or With Ischemic Neuropathy of the Optical Nerve
Schuff-Werner P, Lauritzen K, Arens B, Vogel M.
Jpn J Apheresis. 1997;16:239-240.
The results of this study will, for the first time, determine whether interventional haemorheo-therapy using heparin-induced precipitation of rheologically relevant plasma proteins is clinically superior to conventional haemodilution.
Full abstract not available.
HELP for the Treatment of Different Atherosclerotic Diseases
Walzl M, Walzl B, and the HELP Study Group.
Jpn J Apheresis. 1997;16:237-238.
The authors review various diseases in which LDL-apheresis therapy via the heparin-induced method may be applied, including cerebrovascular disease and ocular microcirculatory disorders.
Full abstract not available.
Additional Citations
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies With Different Precipitate Filter Cartridges for HELP-LDL-Apheresis: Optimization of Precipitate Filter Cartridges
Morsch G, Maywald F, Wanner C.
Bioseparation. 1995;5:11-18.
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The Impact of HELP on Haemorheology in Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lechner P, Walzl M, Walzl B.
Clin Hemorheol. 1994;14:181-188.
Full abstract not available.
Does LDL-Apheresis in Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome Affect Prognosis?
Muso E, Yashiro M, Matsushima M, Yoshida H, Sawanishi K, Sasayama S.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9:257-264.
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Results of a Two-Month Follow-Up After Single Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal LDL Precipitation in Vascular Dementia
Walzl M, Walzl B, Lechner H.
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1994;4:179-182.
Full abstract not available.
Reverse Flux Filtration: A New Mode of Therapy Improving the Efficacy of Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal LDL Precipitation in Hyperlipidemic Hemodialysis Patients
Bosch T, Samtleben W, Thiery J, Gurland HJ, Seidel D.
Int J Artif Organs. 1993;16:75-85.
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Long-Term Efficiency, Biocompatibility, and Clinical Safety of Combined Simultaneous LDL-Apheresis and Haemodialysis in Patients With Hypercholesterolaemia and End-Stage Renal Failure
Bosch TH, Thiery J, Gurland HJ, Seidel D.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8:1350-1358.
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The Influence of the HELP System on Yield Shear Stress in Vascular Disease
Kowal P, Walzl M, Walzl B, Lechner H.
Clin Hemorheol. 1993;13:701-706.
Full abstract not available.

HELP Application in Multi-Infarct Dementia
Lechner H, Walzl M, Walzl B, Kleinert G, Freidl W.
J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1992;2:228-231.
Full abstract not available.
Simultaneous Heparin Extracorporeal LDL Precipitation and Hemodialysis: First Clinical Experience
Eisenhauer T, Muller U, Schuff-Werner P, et al.
ASAIO Trans. 1991;37:M494-M496.
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Combined LDL Apheresis and Hemodialysis in a Patient With End-Stage Renal Disease and Accelerated Coronary Atherosclerosis
Grutzmacher P, Vallbracht C, Scheuermann E, Kurz P, Schoeppe W.
ASAIO Trans. 1991;37:M435-M436.
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