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Overviews
Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis
and Other Potential Uses
Moriarty PM, Gibson CA.
Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2001;3:156-162.
Incorporation of Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis into
the Treatment Program of Patients With Severe Hypercholesterolemia
Gordon BR.
Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2000;2:308-313.
Effect of HELP-LDL-Apheresis on Outcomes in Patients With
Advanced Coronary Atherosclerosis and Severe Hypercholesterolemia
Park J-W, Merz M, Braun P.
Atherosclerosis. 1998;139:401-409.
Long-Term Effect of Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis on
Plasma Lipoproteins and Coronary Heart Disease in Native Vessels and Coronary Bypass
in Severe Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Richter WO, Donner MG, Höfling B, Schwandt P.
Metabolism. 1998;47:863-868.
Safety and Effectiveness of Long-Term LDL-Apheresis in
Patients at High Risk
Thiery J, Seidel D.
Curr Opinion Lipidol. 1998;9:521-526.
Abstracts
Activity of Thrombocytes as a Marker of Sufficient
Intensity of LDL-Apheresis in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Blaha M, Pecka M, Urbankova J, et al.
Transfus Apheresis Sci. 2004;30:83-87.
The use of extracorporal elimination for selective removal of LDL-C in severe familial
hypercholesterolemia is the treatment of choice. Still, there are no suitable markers
for selective elimination of LDL-C, which would reliably determine the therapy intensity
immediately after the procedure. A report states that platelet aggregability may
be a marker, but this was unsuccessfully tested. As a result, the methods were modified
and changes were determined.
Click for full abstract.
State of the Art of Low-density Lipoprotein Apheresis in the Year 2003
Bosch T, Wendler T.
Ther Apher Dial. 2004;8:76-79.
LDL-apheresis is a last resort treatment for hypercholesterolemic patients resistant
to conservative lipid-lowering therapy. In the extracorporeal circuit, LDL, Lp(a)
and coagulation factors are selectively eliminated, while the beneficial proteins
like HDL, albumin, and immunoglobulins are returned to the patient. Recent studies
indicate a positive effect of LDL-apheresis on CHD, carotid artery stenoses, and
peripheral vascular disease.
Click for full abstract.
The HELP System for the Treatment of Atherothrombotic Disorders: A Review
Jaeger BR.
Ther Apher Dial. 2003;7:391-396.
This review underscores recent developments in chronic and single application of
apheresis in cardiology with specific emphasis on potential applications, including
myocardial infarction, stroke, and following coronary artery bypass grafting.
Click for full abstract.
The Effects of Three Different LDL-Apheresis Methods on the Plasma Concentrations
of E-Selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1
Empen K, Otto C, Brodl UC, Parhofer KG.
J Clin Apheresis. 2002;17:38-43.
In this comparison of three common LDL-apheresis techniques—direct absorption,
dextran sulfate adsorption, and heparin precipitation—the authors found the
techniques to lower concentrations of the adhesion molecules E-selectin, VCAM-1,
and ICAM-1.
Click for full abstract.
Long-Term Prevention of Premature Coronary Atherosclerosis in Homozygous Familial
Hypercholesterolemia
Jaeger BR, Tsobanelis T, Bengel F, Schwaiger S, Seidel D.
J Pediatr. 2002;141:125-128.
This case study of a 22-year-old woman with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia
demonstrates the safety and efficacy of combined statins and LDL-apheresis using
the heparin-induced method.
Click for full abstract.
Intravascular Ultrasound Evaluation of Coronary Plaque Regression by Low Density
Lipoprotein-Apheresis Familial Hypercholesterolemia: the Low Density Lipoprotein-Apheresis
Coronary Morphology and Reserve Trial (LACMART)
Matsuzaki M, Hiramori K, Imaizumi T, et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:228-230.
This trial assessed the effects of LDL-apheresis for regression of coronary plaque
in familial hypercholesterolemia using coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound.
The group that received medication and LDL-apheresis showed 28.4% reduction in total
cholesterol, whereas the group that received medication showed no changes in cholesterol
levels.
Click for full abstract.
Evidence for Maximal Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Drastic Reduction of Cholesterol
and Fibrinogen Restores Vascular Homeostasis
Jaeger BR.
Ther Apher. 2001;5:207-211.
This article summarized the clinical and biochemical evidence for maximal treatment
of atherosclerosis by a simultaneous 60% to 70% reduction of plasma LDL cholesterol,
fibrinogen, and lipoprotein a (LPa) concentrations with statins and LDL-apheresis
using the heparin-induced method. Potential future applications are also discussed.
Click for full abstract.
C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation Among Patients Undergoing
HELP LDL Apheresis
Moriarty PM, Gibson CA, Shih J, Matia MS.
Atherosclerosis. 2001;158:495-498.
This trial of familial hypercholesterolemic patients treated with LDL-apheresis
therapy using the heparin-induced method evaluates the short- and long-term effects
on C-reactive protein (CRP). After 6 months of therapy, pretreatment hsCRP showed
an overall mean level decrease of 49%, suggesting that LDL-apheresis rapidly decreases
serum hsCRP levels in the long term.
Click for full abstract.
The Role of LDL Apheresis in Lipid Lowering Therapy for Hyperlipidemic Patients
Lane DM, Bricker LA, Schuff-Werner P.
Current Opinion in Cardiovascular, Pulmonary & Renal Investigational Drugs
. 2000;2:216-222.
This review determines that the addition of LDL-apheresis to lipid-lowering drug
therapy in hyperlipidemic patients can reduce pretreatment levels and produce lower
between-treatment levels of LDL cholesterol than lipid-lowering drug therapy alone.
Full abstract not available.
Heparin-Mediated Extracorporeal LDL/Fibrinogen Precipitation—HELP—in
Coronary and Cerebral Ischemia
Jaeger BR, Marx P, Pfefferkorn T, Hamann G, Seidel D.
Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1999;73:81-84.
LDL-apheresis using the heparin-induced method is beneficial in the prevention and
therapy of myocardial infarction. This method is now studied in patients with cerebral
infarction. The heparin-induced method was found to be safe in patients with coronary
heart disease and allows controlled reduction of thrombogenic plasma compounds.
Click for full abstract.
Coronary Risk Factor Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Graft Vessel
Disease in Heart Transplant Patients
Jaeger BR, Schirmer J, Thiery J, et al.
Ther Apher. 1999;3:214-218.
The authors studied whether heart transplant patients could benefit from a combined
treatment of statins and LDL-apheresis using the heparin-induced method. Results
suggest that early and drastic reduction of the main coronary risk factors may help
to prevent retransplantation in high-risk patients.
Click for full abstract.
Therapeutic Effects of LDL Apheresis in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis
Kajinami K, Mabuchi H.
Curr Opin Lipidol. 1999;10:401-406.
The efficacy and safety of LDL-apheresis has already been established for lipid
lowering in patients with refractory hypercholesterolemia. Two reports described
excellent long-term follow-up results for patient with coronary artery disease who
had been treated with LDL-apheresis using dextran sulfate cellulose columns plus
lipid-lowering therapy.
Click for full abstract.
Long-term Efficacy of Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis on Coronary Heart Disease
in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Mabuchi H, Koizumi J, Shimizu M, et al, for the Hokuriku-FH-LDL-Apheresis
Study Group.
Am J Cardiol. 1998;82:1489-1495.
This study describes the 6-year safety and efficacy of intensive cholesterol-lowering
therapies with LDL-apheresis in heterozygous FH patients with CHD. Patients were
treated with lipid-lowering drugs alone or with combined drug therapy and LDL-apheresis.
Both treatment groups had significant reduction in cholesterol levels.
Click for full abstract.
LDL Hemoperfusion—A New Procedure for LDL Apheresis: Biocompatibility
Results from a First Pilot Study in Hypercholesterolemic Atherosclerosis Patients
Bosch T, Schmidt B, Kleophas W, Otto V, Samtleben W.
Artif Organs. 1997;21:1060-1065.
A new lipid absorber technology absorbs LDL and lipoprotein (a) directly from the
whole blood. Within the scope of a first pilot study, this new procedure combined
the features of excellent clinical tolerance, good biocompatibility, and ease of
handling.
Click for full abstract.
Aggressive Lowering of Fibrinogen and Cholesterol in the Prevention of Graft
Vessel Disease After Heart Transplantation
Jaeger BR, Meiser B, Nagel D, et al.
Circulation. 1997;96(suppl 9):II-157-II-158.
Combination therapy with statins and LDL-apheresis via the heparin-induced method
is given to heart transplant patients to determine whether drastic lowering of fibrinogen,
LDL-C, and Lp(a) prevent graft vessel disease (GVD). Results demonstrate that combined
treatment prevents GVD in 9 of 10 patients.
Click for full abstract.
Regression of Transplant Coronary Artery Disease During Chronic Low-Density
Lipoprotein-Apheresis
Park J-W, Merz M, Braun P.
J Heart Lung Transplant. 1997;16:290-297.
In long-term heart transplantation survivors with hyperlipidemia who have development
of a rapid progressive coronary artery disease, LDL-apheresis can encourage disease
regression.
Click for full abstract.
Peripheral Vasoactivity in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Subjects Treated With
Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal LDL Precipitation (HELP)
Stadler RW, Ibrahim SF, Lees RS.
Atherosclerosis. 1997;128:241-249.
The effect of LDL-apheresis on vasoactivity is examined in this review, which concludes
that therapy via the heparin-induced method improves vasoactivity in patients with
severe familial hypercholesterolemia.
Click for full abstract.
Additional Citations
Plasmalogen Phospholipids in Plasma Lipoproteins of Normolipidemic Donors and
Patients With Hypercholesterolemia Treated by LDL Apheresis
Brautigam C, Engelmann B, Reiss D, et al.
Atherosclerosis. 1996;119:77-88.
Click for full abstract.
Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia With Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal Low-Density
Lipoprotein Precipitation (HELP)
Lees RS, Holmes NN, Stadler RW, Ibrahim SF, Lees AM.
J Clin Apheresis. 1996;11:132-137.
Click for full abstract.
Long-Term Effect of LDL-Apheresis on Coronary Heart Disease
Richter WO, Donner MG, Schwandt P.
Acta Angiologica. 1996;2:147-151.
Full abstract not available.
Fast Transmission of Alterations in Plasma Phosphatidylcholine/Sphingomyelin
Ratio and Lyso Phosphatidylcholine Levels into Changes of Red Blood Cell Membrane
Phospholipid Composition After Low Density Lipoprotein Apheresis
Kulschar R, Engelmann B, Brautigam C, Duhm J, Thiery J, Richter WO.
Eur J Clin Invest. 1995;25:258-265.
Click for full abstract.
Changes in Plasma Lipid and Apolipoprotein Levels Between Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal
Low-Density Lipoprotein Precipitation (HELP) Treatments
Lane DM, Alaupovic P, Knight-Gibson C, Dudley VS, Laughlin LO.
Am J Cardiol . 1995;75:1124-1129.
Click for full abstract.
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies With Different Precipitate Filter Cartridges for
HELP-LDL-Apheresis: Optimization of Precipitate Filter Cartridges
Morsch G, Maywald F, Wanner C.
Bioseparation. 1995;5:11-18.
Click for full abstract.
Regression of Transplant Coronary Artery Disease During Chronic HELP Therapy:
A Case Study
Park J-W, Vermeltfoort M, Braun P, May E, Merz M.
Atherosclerosis. 1995;115:1-8.
Click for full abstract.
Lack of Plasma Lipid Peroxidation During LDL-Apheresis by Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal
LDL-Precipitation
Wieland E, Schettler V, Creutzfeldt C, Kickbusch H, Schuff-Werner P.
Eur J Clin Invest. 1995;25:838-842.
Click for full abstract.
Reversible Reduction of Phospholipid Bound Arachidonic Acid After Low Density
Lipoprotein Apheresis: Evidence for Rapid Incorporation of Plasmalogen Phosphatidylethanolamine
into the Red Blood Cell Membrane
Engelmann B, Brautigam C, Kulschar R, et al.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994;1196:154-164.
Click for full abstract.
Advances in LDL-Apheresis for the Treatment of Severe Hypercholesterolemia
Gordon BR, Saal SD.
Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994;5:69-73.
Click for full abstract.
Reverse Flux Filtration: A New Mode of Therapy Improving the Efficacy of Heparin-Induced
Extracorporeal LDL Precipitation in Hyperlipidemic Hemodialysis Patients
Bosch T, Samtleben W, Thiery J, Gurland HJ, Seidel D.
Int J Artif Organs. 1993;16:75-85.
Click for full abstract.
LDL Apheresis in the Treatment of Severe Hyperlipidemia
Gordon BR.
Primary Cardiol. 1993;19:53-56.
Full abstract not available.
Weekly Treatment of Diet/Drug-Resistant Hypercholesterolemia With the Heparin-Induced
Extracorporeal Low-Density Lipoprotein Precipitation (HELP) System by Selective
Plasma Low-Density Lipoprotein Removal
Lane DM, McConathy WJ, Laughlin LO, et al.
Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:816-822.
Click for full abstract.
Extracorporeal Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
Olbricht CJ.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8:814-820.
Click for full abstract.
Recent Developments in Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis
Demant T, Seidel D.
Curr Opin Lipidol. 1992;3:43-48.
Full abstract not available.
Treatment of Severe Hypercholesterolemia With Heparin-Induced LDL-Apheresis
Richter WO, Jacob B, Ritter MM, Sühler K, Vierneisel K, Schwandt P.
Curr Ther Res. 1992;52:317-329.
Full abstract not available.
Biocompatibility of Four Plasmapheresis Membranes in Patients Treated for Hypercholesterolemia
Bohler J, Donauer K, Koster W, Schollmeyer PJ, Wieland H, Horl WH.
Am J Nephrol. 1991;11:479-485.
Click for full abstract.
Combined LDL Apheresis and Hemodialysis in a Patient With End-Stage Renal Disease
and Accelerated Coronary Atherosclerosis
Grutzmacher P, Vallbracht C, Scheuermann E, Kurz P, Schoeppe W.
ASAIO Trans. 1991;37:M435-M436.
Click for full abstract.
Regression of Carotid Plaques During Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Elimination
Hennerici M, Kleophas W, Gries FA.
Stroke. 1991;22:989-992.
Click for full abstract.
LDL-Apheresis: Results of Longterm Treatment and Vascular Outcome
Keller C.
Atherosclerosis. 1991;86:1-8.
Click for full abstract.
Short- and Long-Term Effects of LDL-Apheresis on Lipoprotein (a) Serum Levels
Ritter MM, Sühler K, Richter W, Schwandt P.
Clin Chim Acta. 1990;195:9-16.
Click for full abstract.
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