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Overviews
Highly Effective Reduction of C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease by Extracorporeal Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis
Wieland E, Schettler V, Armstrong VW.
Atherosclerosis. 2002;162:187-191.

Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Other Potential Uses
Moriarty PM, Gibson CA.
Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2001;3:156-162.

Effect of HELP-LDL-Apheresis on Outcomes in Patients With Advanced Coronary Atherosclerosis and Severe Hypercholesterolemia
Park J-W, Merz M, Braun P.
Atherosclerosis. 1998;139:401-409.


Long-Term Effect of Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis on Plasma Lipoproteins and Coronary Heart Disease in Native Vessels and Coronary Bypass in Severe Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Richter WO, Donner MG, Höfling B, Schwandt P.
Metabolism. 1998;47:863-868.

Safety and Effectiveness of Long-Term LDL-Apheresis in Patients at High Risk
Thiery J, Seidel D.
Curr Opinion Lipidol. 1998;9:521-526.

Abstracts
The Efficacy and Safety of the New Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal Low-Density Lipoprotein Precipitation System (Plasmat Futura) in Comparison With the Currently Used System (Plasmat Secura)
Blessing F, Wang Y, Nagel D, Seidel D.
Ther Apher Dial. 2004;8:33-38.
This study examined whether the heparin-induced apheresis system, Plasmat Futura, was comparable to the Plasmat Secura system in efficiently removing atherogenic components, among other criteria, including clinical safety. Results demonstrate that the Plasmat Futura system is easy to use, displays no adverse events, and is comparable to Plasmat Secura in its ability to remove proatherogenic plasma factors.
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Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal Low-Density Lipoprotein Precipitation
Mellwig KP.
Ther Apher Dial. 2003;7:365-369.
The heparin-induced method of LDL-apheresis improved coronary vasodilatation capacity within 24 hours, producing significant reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-C, and fibrinogen.
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Long-Term Prevention of Premature Coronary Atherosclerosis in Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Jaeger BR, Tsobanelis T, Bengel F, Schwaiger S, Seidel D.
J Pediatr. 2002;141:125-128.
This case study of a 22-year-old woman with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia demonstrates the safety and efficacy of combined statins and LDL-apheresis using the heparin-induced method.
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Intravascular Ultrasound Evaluation of Coronary Plaque Regression by Low Density Lipoprotein-Apheresis Familial Hypercholesterolemia: the Low Density Lipoprotein-Apheresis Coronary Morphology and Reserve Trial (LACMART)
Matsuzaki M, Hiramori K, Imaizumi T, et al.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:228-230.
This trial assessed the effects of LDL-apheresis for regression of coronary plaque in familial hypercholesterolemia using coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound. The group that received medication and LDL-apheresis showed 28.4% reduction in total cholesterol, whereas the group that received medication showed no changes in cholesterol levels.
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Evidence for Maximal Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Drastic Reduction of Cholesterol and Fibrinogen Restores Vascular Homeostasis
Jaeger BR.
Ther Apher. 2001;5:207-211.
This article summarized the clinical and biochemical evidence for maximal treatment of atherosclerosis by a simultaneous 60% to 70% reduction of plasma LDL cholesterol, fibrinogen, and lipoprotein a (LPa) concentrations with statins and LDL-apheresis using the heparin-induced method. Potential future applications are also discussed.
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Consistent Lowering of Clotting Factors for the Treatment of Acute Cardiovascular Syndromes and Hypercoagulability: A Different Pathophysiological Approach
Jaeger BR, Goehring P, Schirmer J, et al.
Ther Apher. 2001;5:252-259.
The use of the heparin-induced method of LDL-apheresis in patients with acute cardiovascular syndromes makes a controlled, immediately effective reduction of clotting factors possible and induces subsequent positive effects on plasma viscosity, erythrocyte aggregation, and microcirculation.
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C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation Among Patients Undergoing HELP LDL Apheresis
Moriarty PM, Gibson CA, Shih J, Matia MS.
Atherosclerosis. 2001;158:495-498.
This trial of familial hypercholesterolemic patients treated with LDL-apheresis therapy using the heparin-induced method evaluates the short- and long-term effects on C-reactive protein (CRP). After 6 months of therapy, pretreatment hsCRP showed an overall mean level decrease of 49%, suggesting that LDL-apheresis rapidly decreases serum hsCRP levels in the long term.
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Heparin-Mediated Extracorporeal LDL/Fibrinogen Precipitation—HELP—in Coronary and Cerebral Ischemia
Jaeger BR, Marx P, Pfefferkorn T, Hamann G, Seidel D.
Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1999;73:81-84.
LDL-apheresis using the heparin-induced method is beneficial in the prevention and therapy of myocardial infarction. This method is now studied in patients with cerebral infarction. The heparin-induced method was found to be safe in patients with coronary heart disease and allows controlled reduction of thrombogenic plasma compounds.
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Relationship Between Plasma Viscosity and the Severity of Coronary Heart Disease
Junker R, Heinrich J, Ulbrich H, et al.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1998;18:870-875.
This is the first report on the relationship of plasma viscosity and the severity of coronary heart disease. A positive relationship was found even after adjusting groups for age, fibrinogen, and use of diuretics. Differences between patients without any and with one stenosed vessel, as well as between patients with one and two stenosed vessels, did not achieve significance.
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Status of Treatment of Vascular Dementia
Lechner H.
Neuroepidemiology. 1998;17:10-13.
Further improvement of dementia could be achieved by application of the LDL-apheresis using the heparin-induced method to enhance the effect of hemorheologically active drugs. Using the heparin-induced method, LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides, and fibrinogen can be considerably lowered and may result in clinical improvement or slowing of the progression of vascular dementia.
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Improvement of Coronary Vasodilatation Capacity Through Single LDL Apheresis
Mellwig KP, Baller D, Gleichmann U, et al.
Atherosclerosis. 1998;139:173-178.
This study assessed whether an acute effect upon coronary vasodilatation capacity can be achieved through single LDL-apheresis using positron emission tomography (PET). Plasma viscosity was reduced slightly, by 6.6%. PET demonstrated a 30% improvement in coronary vasodilatation capacity after a single LDL-apheresis within 24 hours.
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Regression of Transplant Coronary Artery Disease During Chronic Low-Density Lipoprotein-Apheresis
Park J-W, Merz M, Braun P.
J Heart Lung Transplant. 1997;16:290-297.
In long-term heart transplantation survivors with hyperlipidemia who have development of a rapid progressive coronary artery disease, LDL-apheresis can encourage disease regression.
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Peripheral Vasoactivity in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Subjects Treated With Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal LDL Precipitation (HELP)
Stadler RW, Ibrahim SF, Lees RS.
Atherosclerosis. 1997;128:241-249.
The effect of LDL-apheresis on vasoactivity is examined in this review, which concludes that therapy via the heparin-induced method improves vasoactivity in patients with severe familial hypercholesterolemia.
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Additional Citations
Plasmalogen Phospholipids in Plasma Lipoproteins of Normolipidemic Donors and Patients With Hypercholesterolemia Treated by LDL Apheresis
Brautigam C, Engelmann B, Reiss D, et al.
Atherosclerosis. 1996;119:77-88.
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Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia With Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal Low-Density Lipoprotein Precipitation (HELP)
Lees RS, Holmes NN, Stadler RW, Ibrahim SF, Lees AM.
J Clin Apheresis. 1996;11:132-137.
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Long-Term Effect of LDL-Apheresis on Coronary Heart Disease
Richter WO, Donner MG, Schwandt P.
Acta Angiologica . 1996;2:147-151.
Full abstract not available.
HELP Apheresis Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Hypercholesterolemia: 10 Years of Clinical Experience
Seidel D.
Artif Organs. 1996;20:303-310.
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Fast Transmission of Alterations in Plasma Phosphatidylcholine/Sphingomyelin Ratio and Lyso Phosphatidylcholine Levels into Changes of Red Blood Cell Membrane Phospholipid Composition After Low Density Lipoprotein Apheresis
Kulschar R, Engelmann B, Brautigam C, Duhm J, Thiery J, Richter WO.
Eur J Clin Invest. 1995;25:258-265.
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Regression of Transplant Coronary Artery Disease During Chronic HELP Therapy: A Case Study
Park J-W, Vermeltfoort M, Braun P, May E, Merz M.
Atherosclerosis. 1995;115:1-8.
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Lack of Plasma Lipid Peroxidation During LDL-Apheresis by Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal LDL-Precipitation
Wieland E, Schettler V, Creutzfeldt C, Kickbusch H, Schuff-Werner P.
Eur J Clin Invest. 1995;25:838-842.
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Reversible Reduction of Phospholipid Bound Arachidonic Acid After Low Density Lipoprotein Apheresis: Evidence for Rapid Incorporation of Plasmalogen Phosphatidylethanolamine into the Red Blood Cell Membrane
Engelmann B, Brautigam C, Kulschar R, et al.
Biochim Biophys Acta. 1994;1196:154-164.
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Advances in LDL-Apheresis for the Treatment of Severe Hypercholesterolemia
Gordon BR, Saal SD.
Curr Opin Lipidol. 1994;5:69-73.
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The HELP-LDL-Apheresis Multicentre Study, an Angiographically Assessed Trial on the Role of LDL-Apheresis in the Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease. II. Final Evaluation of the Effect of Regular Treatment on LDL-Cholesterol Plasma Concentrations and the Course of Coronary Heart Disease
Schuff-Werner P, Gohlke H, Bartmann U, et al.
Eur J Clin Invest. 1994;24:724-732.
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No Evidence for Feedback Inhibition of Hepatic Apolipoprotein B (apo B) Production After Extracorporeal Low Density Lipoprotein Precipitation as Determined by [1- 13C]leucine Infusion in Normal Volunteers
Arends J, Bier DM, Schafer G, Armstrong VW, et al.
Eur J Clin Invest. 1993;23:602-614.
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Lipid Apheresis by Hemoperfusion: In Vitro Efficacy and Ex Vivo Biocompatibility of a New Low-Density Lipoprotein Adsorber Compatible With Human Whole Blood
Bosch T, Schmidt B, Blumenstein M, Gurland HJ.
Artif Organs. 1993;17:640-652.
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Long-Term Efficiency, Biocompatibility, and Clinical Safety of Combined Simultaneous LDL-Apheresis and Haemodialysis in Patients With Hypercholesterolaemia and End-Stage Renal Failure
Bosch TH, Thiery J, Gurland HJ, Seidel D.
Nephrol Dial Transplant . 1993;8:1350-1358.
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LDL Apheresis in the Treatment of Severe Hyperlipidemia
Gordon BR.
Primary Cardiol. 1993;19:53-56.
Full abstract not available.
Extracorporeal Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia
Olbricht CJ.
Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1993;8:814-820.
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Effect of Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal Low-Density Lipoprotein Precipitation and Bezafibrate on Hemorheology and Clinical Symptoms in Cerebral Multiinfarct Disease
Walzl M.
Haemostasis. 1993;23:192-202.
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Apolipoprotein A-I and Apolipoprotein B Containing Lipoprotein Particles in Coronary Patients Treated With Extracorporal Low Density Lipoprotein Precipitation (HELP)
Koren E, Armstrong VW, Mueller G, et al.
Atherosclerosis. 1992;95:157-170.
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Human Serum Gangliosides in Hypercholesterolemia, Before and After Extracorporeal Elimination of LDL
Senn H-J, Orth M, Fitzke E, Koster W, Wieland H, Gerok W.
Atherosclerosis. 1992;94:109-117.
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Biocompatibility of Four Plasmapheresis Membranes in Patients Treated for Hypercholesterolemia
Bohler J, Donauer K, Koster W, Schollmeyer PJ, Wieland H, Horl WH.
Am J Nephrol. 1991;11:479-485.
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Combined LDL Apheresis and Hemodialysis in a Patient With End-Stage Renal Disease and Accelerated Coronary Atherosclerosis
Grutzmacher P, Vallbracht C, Scheuermann E, Kurz P, Schoeppe W.
ASAIO Trans. 1991;37:M435-M436.
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Regression of Carotid Plaques During Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Elimination
Hennerici M, Kleophas W, Gries FA.
Stroke. 1991;22:989-992.
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LDL-Apheresis: Results of Longterm Treatment and Vascular Outcome
Keller C.
Atherosclerosis. 1991;86:1-8.
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Complement Activation and Depletion During LDL-Apheresis by Heparin-Induced Extracorporeal LDL-Precipitation (HELP)
Würzner R, Schuff-Werner P, Franzke A, et al.
Eur J Clin Invest. 1991;21:288-294.
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Functional Characteristics of LDL Particles Derived from Various LDL-Apheresis Techniques Regarding LDL-Drug-Complex
Schultis H-W, von Baeyer H, Neitzel H, Riedel E.
J Lipid Res. 1990;31:2277-2284.
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